Turf toe = hyper-extension injury of 1st Meta-tarsophalangeal joint.
Many can be treated non-operatively, about 2% require surgery for demonstrable separation of volar structures, post-traumatic deformity or instability, intra-articular injury/loose body, or failed conservative management.
Najefi, Jeyaseelan & Welck, from the F&A unit at the UK Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital have published a useful review in 2018, reference & link follow.: EFORT Open Rev 2018;3:501-506.
DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.3.180012
https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC6174855&blobtype=pdf
Smith, K & Waldrop, N reviewed: ‘Operative Outcomes of Grade 3 Turf Toe
Injuries in Competitive Football Players’. Foot & Ankle International®
2018, Vol. 39(9) 1076–1081.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10711007187759
These authors found 15 operative cases, 5-52 months follow-up (average 27.5), average age 19.3.& that these sportsmen missed just over 4 months playing time. Dorsiflexion range just over 42 degrees; AOFAS Hallux score 91/100; Visual Analogue pain score 0.7 at rest, 0.8 with activity. Most returned to their sport at the same level.